http://hdl.handle.net/10197/31 Wed, 22 May 2013 23:28:03 GMT 2013-05-22T23:28:03Z http://researchrepository.ucd.ie:80/bitstream/id/2549/gpep.jpg http://hdl.handle.net/10197/31 http://hdl.handle.net/10197/4326 Transitioning to resilience and sustainability in urban communities Collier, Marcus; Nedović-Budić, Zorica; Aerts, Jeroen; Connop, Stuart; Foley, Dermot; Foley, Karen; Newport, Darryl; McQuaid, Siobhán; Slaev, Aleksander; Verburg, Peter Adapting to the challenges of rapid urban growth and societal change will require mechanisms for efficient transitioning to an embedded resilience. This has become central to the exploration of methods for achieving truly sustainable urban growth. However, while transitioning and resilience are useful descriptors, they can be abstract or conflicting ideals and their meanings obscured by a lack of concrete examples, both being barriers to many planning objectives. In this paper, we hold a lens over key issues in transitioning to resilience in urban areas by outlining emerging challenges that may offer directions towards operationalising how cities might transition to a more resilient future, while ensuring that communities are at the center of the process. The emerging and challenging areas – geospatial ICT, green infrastructure planning, novel design using collaborative responses, climate planning, limiting urban sprawl and short-circuit economic approaches – are explored as viable facets for devising and sustaining urban transition strategies. We conclude with a discussion on the need for developing a synergistic approach in practice to facilitate transition. Tue, 23 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/4326 2013-04-23T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/4317 Mortgage-related issues in a crisis economy: evidence from rural households in Ireland Murphy, Enda; Scott, Mark J. The recent economic crisis has demonstrated the extent to which households are exposed to the financialisation of advanced economies. Much of the debate surrounding the reasons for the crisis has centred on the role of neoliberal policies and particularly lax mortgage lending practices among financial institutions. This paper explores how neoliberal ideas were applied to property and development during the Irish house-building boom. Drawing on questionnaire survey data across five case study locations, it examines the mortgage practices of rural households during the boom period and their existing conditions in the current burst. In addition, the impacts and consequences of the neoliberalisation of the rural mortgage market for rural households within the context of the failure of these policies, a major housing crash and a neoliberal policy fix based on severe austerity measures is examined. Our results point towards the extreme hardship and stress being felt by rural households and highlight, through the lens of rural housing, the extent to which the practices and consequences of neoliberal policy in the mortgage arena are varied spatially in rural areas. Wed, 01 May 2013 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/4317 2013-05-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/4305 Teaching for better learning: a blended learning pilot project with first year geography undergraduates Moore, Niamh; Gilmartin, Mary Internationally, recognition is growing that the transition between post-primary and higher education is raising a number of challenges for both students and educators. Simultaneously with growing class sizes, resources have become more constrained and there is a new set of expectations from the “net generation” (Mohanna, 2007, p. 211) The use of e-learning in medical education, Postgraduate Medical Journal, 83, p. 211). Within this transforming context, modes of instruction that cater for different paces of learning and learning styles by combining traditional and electronic media have become increasingly important. This paper discusses the transformation of an introductory human geography module at University College Dublin using a blended learning approach that extends beyond the media used to incorporate all aspects of, and inputs into, the learning process. Our experience highlights how blended learning can aid the achievement of a range of objectives in relation to student engagement and the promotion of deeper learning. However, blended learning is not a quick-fix solution to all issues relating to new university students and our analysis draws out a more complex relationship than anticipated between blended learning and student retention that will require further examination. Tue, 21 Sep 2010 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/4305 2010-09-21T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/4304 Mapping the journey towards self-authorship in Geography Moore, Niamh; Fournier, Eric J.; Hardwick, Susan W.; Healey, Mick; MacLachlan, John; Seemann, Jörn Learning is a developmental journey, and geography curriculum plays a key role in supporting student progression. In this article, we argue that the concept of ‘self-authorship’ is a useful guiding principle in supporting curriculum revision and reform. A series of international case studies illustrate how self-authorship can be enacted in different ways within geography curricula in a range of contexts. The role of a range of collaborators and the co-curriculum in supporting the student journey are highlighted. The article concludes by suggesting that the key strength of the concept is its non-prescriptive nature. Mon, 16 May 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/4304 2011-05-16T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/4265 Residential preferences of the 'creative class'? Lawton, Philip; Murphy, Enda; Redmond, Declan The desire for ‘vibrant’, ‘bohemian’ neighbourhoods forms a focal point of the amenity preferences of Richard Florida’s ‘creative class’ thesis. Here, a vibrant street culture, which includes cafes and restaurants spilling onto the pavement, is implied as being of key importance in the selection of a residential area for creative and knowledge workers. Drawing on quantitative and qualitative data, this paper examines the residential preferences of the ‘creative class’ in Dublin, Ireland. The results illustrate the continued importance of classic factors in residential decision-making, including housing cost, accessibility and travel-time to place of employment. Moreover, the results also illustrate how changes in the life-cycle, including the decision to have a family, have a direct influence on residential location choice. While there is a tendency for younger workers to select the city centre, older workers predominantly opt to live in suburban areas with good transport connections to the city centre or their place of employment. Mon, 01 Apr 2013 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/4265 2013-04-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/4261 Potential for longevity of novel genetically modified herbicide-tolerant traits in the Irish landscape Collier, Marcus; Mullins, Ewen With the renewed interest in GM crop technology in Ireland, some concern has been raised in relation to the potential impact on biodiversity in the Irish agri-environment. This concern can focus on the potential for a transgenic trait to cross to wild relatives. A novel trait will be judged to have persisted in a wild population via the successful production of seeds, such that these seeds are viable and result in the establishment of a self-sustaining population. In the case of a herbicide tolerant (HT) trait, feral and volunteer populations can only remain viable if managed with applications of the herbicide that the trait is designed to resist. This surviving population of HT plants would then need to compete successfully with other wild plants in order to prevail in the landscape and persist over time. There are few agricultural crops that can manage this combination, but as oilseed rape plants are often noted along roadsides and hedgerows in Ireland, it is correct to assume that this crop has the ability to be a successful feral survivor. This paper presents the results of a thought experiment, derived exclusively using the academic literature, on the issue of longevity. This is done by taking four hypothetical case scenarios and examining the potential for a combination of events to take place for oilseed rape (Brassica napus), selected here because it has a high potential for 'escaping' via pollen- and/or seed-mediated gene flow. A lack of quantitative data on Irish farmland biodiversity hinders solid conclusions, but when management pressure is eased biodiversity stress is lessened. Fri, 15 Mar 2013 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/4261 2013-03-15T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3959 Industrially harvested peatlands and after-use potential: Understanding local stakeholder narratives and landscape preferences Collier, Marcus; Scott, Mark J. Recent years have witnessed much debate on the turn towards community within landscape management and planning. This is particularly evident in the European Landscape Convention which asserts the legitimacy of local preferences and citizen involvement in policy processes. This paper explores a bottom-up perspective on people-place relationships in a changing landscape, through assessing the after-use potential of industrially mined peatlands in Ireland and the rehabilitation of degraded landscapes. The mining of the peatland resource has a longstanding tradition in Ireland, however, significant attention has now focused on exploring market and non-market uses of remains after harvesting has finished resulting in a cutaway landscape. We argue that local people's everyday experiences of the landscape is a legitimate form of knowledge and should provide a key input into deliberative planning and management processes. Drawing largely on an interpretive research approach, we assess key local narratives in relation to harvested peatland landscapes and explore local people's after-use preferences. There appears to be strong support among the local community for amenity/biodiversity after-uses, which are currently not reflected in public policy debates. We review people-place relationships and discuss the role of ethnographic research in a peatland context as well as defining the relevant stakeholders. Finally, conclusions are developed to identify wider lessons for people/place relationships within the context of landscape management and planning. Fri, 01 Aug 2008 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3959 2008-08-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3958 Focus group discourses in a mined landscape Collier, Marcus; Scott, Mark J. Focus group research is rarely used for examining environmental discourses other than when conflict arises. This study looks at local citizen perceptions in relation to mined (or 'cutaway') industrial peatland landscapes in Ireland, and seeks to shine a light on the opinions of potential actors, and the degree of willingness to participate in after-use strategies, through focus group sessions. Data are analysed using two mechanisms - content and discourse analysis. It is shown that there is a high degree of reflective perceptions on issues of quality of life and the environment with a low level of concern about further use of peatlands as places of employment - a shift from a productive, utilitarian perception to a post-productive, non-utilitarian perception. It is also shown that, when presented with a scenario that sees cutaway peatlands being used for amenity and biodiversity, there are no negative issues and some degree of enthusiasm. This paper will conclude with remarks on focus group methodologies. Thu, 01 Apr 2010 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3958 2010-04-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3957 When the public good conflicts with an apparent preference for unsustainable behaviour Bullock, Craig; Collier, Marcus The example of peatlands is used to demonstrate the challenges facing the sustainable management of natural resources in situations where the fragility of an environment is not appreciated by all stakeholders. We reveal, through the use of a survey applying both contingent valuation and discrete choice experiments, that many local people and others within the wider population, value peatlands as an example of a cultural landscape. However, there is a reluctance to stop extracting peat for domestic fuel even though the activity is undermining the ecological sustainability of this same landscape. This resistance is shown to arise because the cutting of peat is a well-established land use and a cessation of peat cutting is perceived to require the abandonment of traditional rights. In addition, the activity is widely regarded as more benign than industrial scale cutting for energy. The value attached to the landscape is an opportunity for conservation policy, but for this to succeed there must be an acknowledgement of local interests. Tue, 15 Mar 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3957 2011-03-15T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3953 Peatlands, their public good value and priorities for their future management - the example of Ireland Bullock, Craig; Collier, Marcus; Convery, Frank J. The threat of climate change has focused attention on those environments with high capacity for carbon storage. Peatlands are one such environment in that they both sequester CO2 from the atmosphere and are also a major store of carbon. However, the world's peatlands are everywhere under threat. This includes in Ireland where, while still a feature of many rural areas, less than third of the country's original area of peatland remains intact. The sustainable management of the remaining peatland necessitates an action plan including the evidence by which to evaluate choices. It also requires an articulation of a vision for peatland in the decades to come. In this respect, peatlands are an environmental asset, but also a social and economic resource. Any framework for their management and restoration must be able to deal with the social and political decision making process and demonstrate a respect for the diverse range of public and private goods that peatlands provide. Mon, 01 Oct 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3953 2012-10-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3952 Assessing the Impact of Pollen-mediated Gene Flow from GM Herbicide Tolerant Brassica Napus into Common Wild Relatives in Ireland Collier, Marcus; Mullins, Ewen Although now we have had many years of research completed on assessing the potential environmental impact of GM crops, concern remains over their potential impact on biodiversity in the rural landscape. In particular, issues have arisen in regards to the modification of crops with traits that could introgress into sexually compatible wild relatives. In contrast to wheat, barley, potato and maize, Brassica napus (oilseed rape) is the only commercial crop grown in Ireland at present with the potential to successfully transfer its DNA, via pollen-mediated gene flow, into inter-related weed species. This review details the species in question and by examining the relevant literature that relates to Irish agronomic conditions, demonstrates that gene flow is likely to occur, especially to an earlier used cultivar, Brassica rapa. However, the critical factor remains not that GM traits will flow from the commercial source but what might the consequences of said gene flow events be. This review indicates that the conferred trait in question (in this case, herbicide tolerance) can only impact on weed diversity in the presence of selecting herbicide action. In the absence of the herbicide, the GM traits will be lost from the wild species over time and will not confer any selective advantage that could facilitate population growth. Thu, 01 Nov 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3952 2012-11-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3951 Book reviews: Drafting a Conservation Blueprint: A Practitioners Guide to Planning for Biodiversity. Craig R. Groves Collier, Marcus Fri, 01 Jun 2007 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3951 2007-06-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3950 Conflicting rationalities, knowledge and values in scarred landscapes Collier, Marcus; Scott, Mark J. Incorporating public or local preferences in landscape planning is often discussed with respect to the difficulties associated with accurate representation, stimulating interest and overcoming barriers to participation. Incorporating sectoral and professional preferences may also have the same degree of difficulty where conflicts can arise. Planning theory calls for inclusiveness and collaboration, ideally egalitarian, and analysis of the process often uses case study scenarios that may offer examples for practice and further research. Much of the literature takes case studies in urban landscapes as the starting point for discussion and little is known of the collaborative process in rural landscapes, especially damaged landscapes such as those that may occur after extreme resource extraction. In this paper, we use industrially mined, or 'cutaway', peatlands as illustrative examples of the remaining 'scarred' landscapes. Using narratives of 'knowledge-holders' as iterative examples, we explore the perspectives of key actors within scarred landscape after-use planning. It is shown that though there is agreement that community 'stakes' are important, there are conflicts relating to the exact level of collaboration or to the extent that it is necessary at all. Traditional sectoral approaches predominate with community level narratives following established pathways. The prevailing rationalities revolve around protectionism and differing opinions of knowledge. Where a policy vacuum exists in relation to after-use of damaged landscapes, the resulting conflict may be an impediment to non-tokenistic stakeholder collaboration. Wed, 01 Jul 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3950 2009-07-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3949 Field boundary stone walls as exemplars of 'novel' ecosystems Collier, Marcus In some parts of Europe, stone wall field boundaries pervade agricultural landscapes, yet despite their prominence there has been very little research into field boundary walls anywhere. However, these anthropogenic features within cultural landscapes may offer insight into current debates on 'novel' ecosystems because of their artifice, their longevity in the landscape particularly in remote or exposed regions, and their morphology. In a review of the available, published literature in Europe, it was found that no publications exist that examine or illustrate specific ecological characteristics of field boundary stone walls, despite this longevity. Using examples from Ireland, where these structures are locally abundant, this paper aims first to draw attention to the poorly representative literature on this topic, and thus stimulate research that will detail the potential ecological characteristics of these ancient forms of field boundary. It then briefly explores the potential for these walls to be considered as 'novel' ecosystems within current debates on the issue. Fri, 01 Jun 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3949 2012-06-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3948 The CINMa index: assessing the potential impact of GM crop management across a heterogeneous landscape Collier, Marcus; Mullins, Ewen While significant progress has been made on the modification of crops for the benefit of producers, the same cannot be said in regards to eliciting the potential impact that these crops may have on the wider landscape and the diversity of life therein. Management impacts can create difficulties when making policy, regulation and licensing decisions in those countries where agriculture has a significant social and ecological position in the landscape. To begin to gauge the potential impacts of the management of a selection of GM crops on an agricultural landscape, four key biodiversity stressors (Chemicals, Introgression, Nutrients and Management: CINMa) were identified and a grading system developed using published data. Upon application to five selected GM crops in a case study area, CINMa identifies areas in the wider landscape where biodiversity is likely to be negatively or positively impacted, as well as agricultural zones which may benefit from the land use change associated with the management of GM crops and their associated post market environmental monitoring. Mon, 05 Jul 2010 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3948 2010-07-05T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3947 Incorporating socio-economic factors into restoration: implications from industrially harvested peatlands Collier, Marcus In establishing effective restoration goals, one of the four key issues of increased attention that Hobbs calls for is in the area of incorporating socio-economic investigations and theories into restoration practice in a synergistic manner. Although often commented upon by restoration practitioners, this is an area of research that is poorly developed, and because it relies on an uneasy combination of empirical and interpretative research methodologies a multidisciplinary alignment may be problematic in practice. This opinion piece is drawn from experiences in examining the after-use of industrially mined peatland landscapes, and synthesizes ideas that have emerged from socio-economic research over several years in order to offer an opinion on how Hobbs' call may be addressed. Because socio-economic concerns are at the root of all restoration projects, sociological methods may be useful as tools in stakeholder engagement in research and planning for landscape rehabilitation as a mechanism for reducing the potential for conflict and for facilitating participative or collaborative restoration. Thu, 01 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3947 2011-09-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3841 Farmland birds and the field boundary evaluation and grading system in Ireland. McMahon, Barry J.; Whelan, John; Kirwan, Laura; Collier, Marcus Field boundaries are important habitats for birds within the agricultural landscape. In this study, bird surveys were carried out during the winter and breeding season on nine farms in the east and south-east of Ireland and field boundaries at each site were assessed using the Field Boundary Evaluation and Grading System (FBEGS). Poisson regression demonstrated that FBEGS scores were a good predictor of both winter and breeding bird species richness and diversity within the field boundaries studied. We interpret these preliminary results with caution since our sample size was relatively small (compared to the wide variety of field boundary types found in Ireland) and no single combination of field boundary attributes is likely to be optimum for all bird species. However, our results suggest that FBEGS may be a useful surrogate indicator of overall field boundary bird diversity and we discuss the consequent implications for agri-environmental policy, and for the possible adaptation and use of FBEGS as a tool to monitor the impact of changing farm management practice. Fri, 01 Jul 2005 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3841 2005-07-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3840 Predicting the Impact of Coexistence-Guided, Genetically Modified Cropping on Irish Biodiversity: (2006-B-MS-46) STRIVE Report Mullins, Ewen; Collier, Marcus; O'Brien, Martin; Meade, Conor; Spillane, Charlie This report is published as part of the Science, Technology, Research and Innovation for the Environment (STRIVE) Programme 2007–2013. Sun, 01 Nov 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3840 2009-11-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3839 The Environmental Impact of Planting Broadleaved Trees on Acid-Sensitive Soils : literature review Collier, Marcus; Farrell, E. P. Sun, 01 Jul 2007 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3839 2007-07-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3838 Evaluating the Ecological Impacts of Cultivating Genetically Modified Herbicide Tolerant (GMHT) Oilseed Rape and Maize: (2007-B-DS-1-S1) STRIVE Report Mullins, Ewen; Collier, Marcus This report is published as part of the Science, Technology, Research and Innovation for the Environment (STRIVE) Programme 2007–2013. Wed, 01 Jun 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3838 2011-06-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3832 Dublin City Environmental Directory 2004 Collier, Marcus; Dublin City Community Forum. Environmental Focus Group An essential and easy to use directory of groups that are involved in environmental activities in Dublin City in 2004 Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3832 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3831 Developing a field boundary evaluation and grading system in Ireland Collier, Marcus; Feehan, John The purpose of the study reported here was to develop an evaluation and grading system for the main field boundaries in Ireland – hedgerows and dry stone walls. There is currently a lack of scientific information on Irish field boundaries and very little research has been carried out on what are among the most prominent landscape features on the island. Where Irish data are lacking, values were extrapolated from research in other countries. In addition, verbal consultation was carried out with prominent landscape ecologists, scientists and environmental consultants. This consultation led to the creation of a draft survey form modeled on an earlier Hedgerow Evaluation and Grading System (HEGS) (Clements and Tofts, 1992) in the UK. The draft Irish survey, described here, is entitled the Field Boundary Evaluation and Grading System or FBEGS for short. The FBEGS was field-tested in four locations in Ireland by a number of users to assess usefulness and accuracy. Feedback from volunteer surveyors led to an amended FBEGS survey form. This was then tested in ten locations nation-wide. Results are given and a grading system is proposed. It is shown that it may be possible to evaluate a field boundary using a simple grading system but the accuracy of such a survey cannot be confirmed due to the lack of baseline data for Ireland. However, preliminary trial surveys indicate that values assigned to a particular boundary approximate well to professional opinion. Discussion concludes with some recommendations for potential uses. Mon, 01 Sep 2003 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3831 2003-09-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3730 Communications Killen, James E.; Murphy, Enda Communications are an outstanding feature of Ireland's rural landscape. Some roads date from early times, but a network of roads and lanes, much denser than in most of Europe, developed strongly in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to link the diffuse pattern of small single farms, provide access to peat bogs and hill grazing, and serve a population substantially larger than the present. The expansion of roads had profound consequences in pre-industrial Ireland, ending isolation, altering rural settlement patterns and facilitating the erosion of native culture and the process of emigration. During the same period, and encouraged by central Ireland's low relief, canals were constructed, running in a predominantly east-west direction and serving the ports on the eastern seaboard with produce from an expanding rural hinterland. Unable to compete with the later railways, the canals fell into disuse in the early twentieth century, but have experienced a revival in recent years with the development of waterways for leisure pursuits. Although relatively underdeveloped, Ireland generated an impressive rail network in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Like the canals, railways were optimistically perceived as instruments of economic development and were extended into remote rural areas to encourage commercial farm production, trade and tourism; in reality, railways facilitated the importation of foreign goods and emigration. With the arrival of motorised road transport after World War II and upgrading of the roads, the railways appeared uncompetitive and a strategy of closure was implemented. Much reduced, the railway system has left a considerable legacy in the Irish rural landscape, including abandoned stations, bridges and embankments. Thinning of the communications network in the twentieth century, in particular railways and rural roads, was paralleled by the development of air travel and telecommunications and increasing investment in major roadways and by-passes. In the early years of the twenty-first century, rapid economic growth has meant that the development of major roadways and by-passes has assumed even greater importance. The role of the railway as a passenger oriented service has increased also. New technologies associated with mobile telecommunications and new forms of energy generation have become conspicuous in the rural landscape. While these latter impacts are likely to increase in future years, the full extent of the impact of the technological revolution on the rural landscape remains to be seen. Tue, 01 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3730 2011-11-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3536 Legislative change in Ireland : a marxist political economy critique of planning law Fox-Rogers, Linda; Murphy, Enda; Grist, Berna In the planning literature relatively little attention has been given to investigating the nature of legislative change in the planning domain. Utilising a political economy approach, this paper analyses recent planning legislative change in the Republic of Ireland. The paper argues that changes in planning legislation can be interpreted within a broader agenda of entrepreneurial planning within the Irish State. In critiquing recent change, the paper highlights three key issues: (1) the state, through legislation, facilities development capital over the interests of the general population; (2) entrepreneurial planning approaches can be traced to formal legislative change; (3) recent legislative change has been designed specifically to reduce democracy in the planning process. The findings support the assertion that planning legislation facilities predominantly the elite interest groups in society over those of the 'common good'. Wed, 09 Nov 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3536 2011-11-09T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3535 Urban spatial location advantage : the dual of the transportation problem and its implications for land-use and transport planning Murphy, Enda Numerous recent studies have investigated the relationship between the location of jobs and housing in urban areas and how this relates to urban commuting patterns. Few have utilised the dual of the transportation problem of linear programming (TPLP) to provide insights into these relationships Accordingly, this analysis utilises the TPLP to determine dual variable values (shadow prices) for a study area in Dublin, Ireland. The approach determines the pattern of relative location advantage for the peak and off-peak travel periods and for public and private transport for 1991 and 2001. The results are set against the expected results for hypothetical urban structures. The results show that the pattern of relative location advantage has altered sharply over the study period for off-peak trip-making but has remained more or less the same for trip-making in the peak period. For the off-peak period, the pattern of relative location advantage has shifted from the central area to the periphery specifically for private transport trips; for public transport, the pattern has remained focused on the city centre. This indicates that private transport users can react more quickly to changes in the distribution of land-use activities than their public transport counterparts due to the relatively fixed nature of the latter mode. This implies that the public transport network needs to be reorganized to better reflect the revised pattern of trip-making specifically for the off-peak period. The results demonstrate the value of using the approach for providing information about the spatial organisation of land uses within cities and where future development may be targeted. Sun, 01 Jan 2012 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3535 2012-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3233 Evaluating the impact on noise levels of a ban on private cars in Dublin city centre, Ireland King, Eoin A.; Murphy, Enda; Rice, Henry J. Dublin’s city centre is the primary destination in the Dublin region for shopping, employment and education. Public transport services in the area have experienced significant time delays throughout peak periods of the day due to severe traffic congestion. In an effort to alleviate traffic congestion and increase the efficiency of public transport in the area, a ‘bus gate’ was introduced to one particularly sensitive area in the city centre. The scheme restricts private vehicles from accessing the area during peak traffic hours. It was hoped that this scheme would result in significant journey time-savings for public transport users and would also result in reduced noise pollution in the city centre from the removal of through traffic. This paper aims to quantify the effect the ‘bus gate’ has had on noise levels in the area. Noise levels were monitored prior to and after the introduction of the scheme and the extent to which the scheme impacted on the noise levels was thus evaluated. The study also estimates the impact extending the ban would have on noise exposure levels in Dublin city centre. Sat, 01 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3233 2011-10-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3169 An analysis of the role of bicycle-sharing in a European city : the case of Dublin Murphy, Enda; Usher, Joe In recent years, problems associated with automobile use have led to a marked shift in the orientation of transportation policy towards the promotion of more sustainable modes of transport. Central to this policy has been a heightened interest in bicycle-sharing schemes in major cities in the developed world. These initiatives seek to increase the modal share of cycling, improve the mobility of the general public and reduce the environmental impacts of private automobile transport. Existing research investigating the role and impact of bicycle-sharing schemes in European cities is sparse. Within this context, this paper investigates the role and impact of the recently implemented bicycle-sharing scheme in Dublin. Using evidence from 360 questionnaire surveys, the research focuses on the use of the bicycle-sharing scheme as an integrative mode for the rest of the city’s transport system, and particularly for the public transport system. The research also examines the scheme’s dichotomy in terms of its functionality during the peak and off-peak periods as well as investigating the socio-economic profile of its users. Paper presented at the Irish Transport Research Network (ITRN), August 31st-September 1st, University College Cork, Ireland Thu, 01 Sep 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3169 2011-09-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3125 Regional Characteristics and the distribution of car engine sizes: a case study of Ireland Fu, Miao; Ahern, Aoife; Kelly, J. Andrew This paper examines whether regional characteristics can have a significant impact on the engine sizes of the car fleet in Ireland. Disposable income is found to be the dominant factor in determining the purchase probabilities of car engine size, but in addition a combination of high population density and the availability of rail transport can reduce the demand for medium and large engine sized vehicles, as well as for new cars generally. Bus services, however, only serve as a substitute for small engine cars. Sat, 01 Oct 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3125 2011-10-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3089 A critical review of current policy for the assessment of night-time noise in the EU King, Eoin A.; Murphy, Enda This paper explores issues surrounding the estimation of population exposure data in accordance with EU Directive 2002/49/EC and, in particular, focuses on the assessment of night-time noise. It has been identified by many authors that no standardised method for estimating population exposure to noise exists. Thus, results from noise exposure studies across Member States cannot be compared reliably or combined. For sleep disturbance assessments, the issue is further compounded by the use of methodologies that are not fully understood. Significant concern exists over the use of the new Lnight indicator, which is measured over eight hours, as sleep disturbance studies to date rarely cover this period and noise indices do not usually include Lnight. Furthermore, assessments are performed using calculations at the position of the most exposed façade, while the impact of using this position, with respect to the bedroom, has not been fully quantified. This paper summarises the practical issues associated with the assessment of night-time noise in accordance with the requirements of EU Directive 2002/49/EC. Possible solutions are suggested including further guidance and the creation of an EU data infrastructure that would significantly improve benchmarking and comparison of future exposure studies under the terms of the Directive. 10th International Congress on Noise as a Public Health Problem (ICBEN) 2011, July 24-28th, London Fri, 01 Jul 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3089 2011-07-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3017 Strategic economic policy : Milan, Dublin and Toulouse Mugnano, Silvia; Murphy, Enda; Martin-Brelot, Helene This chapter compares three European cities with well-established and successful creative and/or knowledge based economies - Milan, Dublin and Toulouse. However, each economy has different sectoral strengths and has different associated historical development paths and economic trajectories developed over varying time periods. Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3017 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3008 Excess commuting and modal choice Murphy, Enda This paper reports results from research conducted to analyse the extent of excess commuting in Dublin, Ireland. The research differs from similar studies on excess commuting in two ways. First, a disaggregate modal choice analysis of excess commuting is undertaken for two time periods – 1991 and 2001. Second, sensitivity analysis is undertaken to explore the impact of changes in the density of the transport network for users of public and private transport. The results suggest that excess commuting is considerably greater for users of private transport implying the greater inefficiency of commuting associated with that mode. By way of contrast, capacity utilisation measures suggest the opposite indicating the difficulty of using these measures for policy-making. The results suggest also that the greater inter-mixing of jobs–housing functions has facilitated reductions in actual commuting costs as well as increasing the range of available trip possibilities over the study period. In terms of the sensitivity analysis, the results suggest that public transport users could achieve dramatic savings on their commute if the density of that network was increased considerably. Thu, 01 Oct 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3008 2009-10-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3002 Strategic noise mapping, population exposure estimates and 'acoustical planning' mitigation analysis in a European capital city Murphy, Enda; King, Eoin A. This paper reports on research conducted to analyse the impact of two noise mitigation measures on levels of population exposure in Dublin, Ireland: travel demand and speed reduction. At the outset, the research utilises the CRTN calculation model, LIMA software and GIS to establish areas of poor sound quality. Then a base reference condition of selected roads within noise hotspots is used as a benchmark for assessing the relative impact of the mitigation measures in terms of their ability to bring about reductions in levels of population exposure to noise for both Lden and Lnight. The results demonstrate that in terms of noise action planning, reducing the level of travel demand leads to the most significant reduction in population exposure for Lden and Lnight. They highlight the significant role that noise mitigation measures can play in aiding good ‘acoustical planning’ in the future. Inter-noise 2010, 39th International Congress on Noise Control Engineering: Noise and Sustainability, Lisbon, June 13th-16th 2010 Tue, 01 Jun 2010 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3002 2010-06-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3001 Audio noise mapping in virtual urban simulations : enhancing public awareness Murphy, Enda; Rice, Henry J.; Pilla, Francesco One of the key difficulties with urban environmental noise mapping is disseminating results from noise studies in a manner that is easily understood by the general public. Indeed, it is one of the requirements of the Environmental Noise Directive (END) that information from noise studies is disseminated to the general public so that awareness of environmental noise issues is increased. This paper presents preliminary work undertaken to integrate results from environmental noise studies into a virtual sound environment. The model uses appropriate sound mixing techniques to integrate background sound from prediction software while direct sound is integrated from appropriate sound samples. In the virtual environment sound is output using audio rendering and clustering techniques which take account of the position of the individual in the virtual environment. The model demonstrates the possibility of using virtual urban simulations as a framework for evaluating the environmental and visual impact of major urban developments particularly in terms of the impact on the surrounding urban soundscape. In addition, the model framework may be used as a demonstration method whereby the sensitivity of the urban sound environment to different traffic management scenarios is presented to urban inhabitants. Inter-Noise 2007, 36th International Congress on Noise Control Engineering: Global Approaches to Noise Control, Istanbul, August 28th-31st 2007 Wed, 01 Aug 2007 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3001 2007-08-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3000 Environmental noise prediction, noise mapping and GIS integration : the case of inner Dublin, Ireland Murphy, Enda; Rice, Henry J.; Meskell, Craig The recent Environmental Noise Directive (END) of the European Union (EU) requires that noise maps and action plans are compiled for agglomerations with a population greater than 250,000 individuals. This paper reports on research conducted to predict and map road transport noise for a study area in central Dublin. Noise emission levels were calculated for Lden and Lnight using the Harmonoise prediction method as recommended by the European Union. Emphasis was placed on integrating noise data with a Geographic Information System (GIS). The results demonstrate that using a GIS to integrate noise data with other available spatial data can enhance the accuracy and visualisation of noise maps. In this regard, 3D noise animation was undertaken with a view to increasing public awareness in relation to environmental road transport noise. The results suggest that GIS based noise mapping has the potential to be more effective at informing environmental policy decision-making, particularly in terms of the actions to be taken as a result of excessively high environmental noise levels. The research also demonstrates that noise maps are visually sensitive to different methods of data interpolation. This is something which has not been explored to any great extent in previous noise mapping studies. 8th International Transport Noise and Vibration Symposium, St. Petersburg, June 4th-6th 2006 Thu, 01 Jun 2006 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3000 2006-06-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2999 Commuting economy : an alternative approach for assessing regional commuting efficiency Murphy, Enda; Killen, James E. This paper revisits the notion of random commuting within the excess commuting framework. In doing so, it argues that the average random commute, is a more appropriate basis for measuring the efficiency of urban commuting patterns. Using this as a base, the paper introduces two new measures of commuting efficiency based on measuring the collective commuting economy of individuals for the journey to work: commuting economy and normalised commuting economy. It is argued that because the average random commute has an intrinsically behavioural interpretation, the measures introduced yield more explicit explanations of the overall nature of travel behaviour within the constraints set by land use geography and the spatial distribution of the transport network. The framework is applied for two different years, 1991 and 2001, and for different modes of transport. The results show that the average actual commute has moved further away from the average random commute, implying that greater intermixing of residential and employment functions has led to more efficient commuting behaviour. Sun, 01 May 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2999 2011-05-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2997 Examining the role of 'creative class' ideas in urban and economic policy formation : the case of Dublin, Ireland Lawton, Philip; Murphy, Enda; Redmond, Declan Throughout the last decade the ‘creative class’ thesis has received significant attention within academic and policymaking circles. This paper analyses the role of the ‘creative class’ thesis within recent urban and economic policy formation in Dublin. In methodological terms, the study uses in-depth analysis of recent policy documents which is supplemented by interviews with key stakeholders involved in the formulation and implementation of policy at various scales. The paper argues that weaknesses in the structure of local government and current fiscal rectitude in Ireland combined with the flexible nature of Florida’s ‘creative class’ ideas have ensured its easy adaptability as ‘fast policy’. Here we focus on two particular areas of policy formation: ‘place-making’ and the formation of new networks of power. We contend that the shortcomings of this approach are based on the lack of causal evidence linking the promotion of a ‘vibrant place’ with economic prosperity and the lack of democratic accountability within the formation of networks of elite actors. Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2997 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2996 Reflections on the science and art of using a GIS to locate a new national children's hospital in Ireland : comments on Houghton Murphy, Enda; Killen, James E. Fri, 01 Jan 2010 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2996 2010-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2995 The role of 'hard' and 'soft' factors for accommodating creative knowledge : insights from Dublin's 'creative class' Murphy, Enda; Redmond, Declan The creative knowledge city has received considerable attention in the last number of years, not only in the academic literature but also from urban policy-makers. Much of the attention has centred on the ‘creative class’ thesis and its relevance for regional economic growth. By taking the thesis at face value, this paper empirically analyses the extent to which Dublin’s creative knowledge workers conform or otherwise to the characteristics of the ‘creative class’. Thus, we investigate the satisfaction of Dublin’s creative knowledge workers with the ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ factors associated with the city’s living environment. We also analyse the most important reasons for attracting creative knowledge workers to the Dublin region. In addition, the paper also explores the mobility of Dublin’s creative knowledge workers within the context of locational and workplace mobility. The results show that workers within the creative knowledge workers are attracted to Dublin on the basis of classic factors: employment availability, family and birthplace. ‘Soft’ factors play an important role in the decision-making process of only a small minority of workers. Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2995 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2994 Transportation accessibility issues and the location of a national facility : the case of a new paediatric hospital to serve the Republic of Ireland Murphy, Enda; Killen, James E. This study considers the accessibility of three locations that were identified for consideration by the Health Services Executive for locating a new national children’s hospital: The Mater, St. James’s and Tallaght. Accessibility to each of these sites is considered first within the context of the Dublin region and then with respect to the area outside that region. For the Dublin region, a Dublin Transportation Office data set that gives travel times in the peak and off-peak periods is used along with small area population statistics derived from the 2002 census to identify the proportion of the total population, of the population aged 0 to15 years and of the female population aged 15 to 35 years that are nearest each of the three hospital sites. A similar analysis is conducted for the rest of the country using where appropriate published public transport schedules. The results suggest that in choosing a location for a single facility that is to serve the Dublin region only and where accessibility interpreted as minimisation of travel time is of over-riding importance, a city centre location is best; however, where the facility is to serve the national population and where the bulk of journeys to it will be by car, the results suggest that a strategic location to the west of the city will maximise accessibility. Mon, 01 Jan 2007 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2994 2007-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2993 Strategic environmental noise mapping : methodological issues concerning the implementation of the EU Environmental Noise Directive and their policy implications Murphy, Enda; King, Eoin A. This paper explores methodological issues surrounding the implementation of the EU Environmental Noise Directive (END) across Member States. It also highlights future policy implications arising from the analysis which ought to be considered for improving strategic environmental noise mapping in the future. Methodologically, the paper focuses on two key issues relevant to the Directive: calculation methods and mapping methods. For the former, the paper focuses, in particular, on how differing calculation methods influence noise prediction results as well as the value of the EU noise indicator Lden and its associated implications for comparability of noise data across EU states. With regard to the latter, emphasis is placed on identifying the issues affecting strategic noise mapping, estimating population exposure, noise action planning and dissemination of noise mapping results to the general public. The implication of these issues for future environmental noise policy is also examined. Thu, 01 Apr 2010 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2993 2010-04-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2992 Implementation of the EU environmental noise directive : lessons from the first phase of strategic noise mapping and action planning in Ireland King, Eoin A.; Murphy, Enda; Rice, Henry J. The first phase of noise mapping and action planning in Ireland, in accordance with EU Directive 2002/49/EC, is now complete. In total this included one agglomeration, one airport and approximately 600 km of major roads outside the agglomeration. These noise maps describe the level of noise exposure of approximately 1.25 million people. The first phase of noise mapping was dealt with by five noise mapping bodies while 26 action planning authorities were involved in the development of the associated action plans. The second phase of noise mapping, due to be completed in 2012, sees a reduction in the defined thresholds describing the required agglomerations, roads and railways that have to be mapped. This will have a significant impact on the extent of mapping required. In Ireland this will result in an increased number of local authorities being required to develop strategic noise maps for their area along with the further development of associated action plans. It is appropriate at this point to review the work process and results from the first phase of noise mapping in Ireland in order to establish areas that could be improved, throughout the noise mapping project. In this paper a review of the implementation procedures focussing on (dominant) road traffic noise is presented. It is identified that more standardisation is needed and this could be achieved by the establishment of a national expert steering group. Tue, 01 Mar 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2992 2011-03-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2991 Spatial restructuring and commuting efficiency in Dublin Murphy, Enda Thu, 01 Jan 2004 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2991 2004-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2990 Reducing pedestrian exposure to environmental pollutants : a combined noise exposure and air quality analysis approach King, Eoin A.; Murphy, Enda; McNabola, Aonghus It has been estimated that at least one fifth of the population of the EU suffer a reduced quality of life due to exposure to noise. Chief among those affected are city-dwellers. For today’s urban planners environmental noise represents a significant environmental pollutant that must be addressed along with concerns over air quality. Taken together, noise and air pollution represent a significant contribution to the overall reduction in the quality of life of urban residents. The need for good urban planning with particular reference to both air and noise pollution has arisen. This paper examines a case study involving a dividing wall situated between two walkways adjacent to a main road in Dublin’s city centre, with particular attention paid to both air and noise pollution. Both air and noise measurements were conducted on site and compared to modelled results. It was found that the dividing wall decreased noise levels by approximately 55% while a similar improvement in air quality was observed. The study also demonstrated that further reductions in noise and air pollution exposure can be achieved by increasing the height of the boundary wall and/or by lowering the position of the boardwalk relative to the position of the road. In order to present combined results, a joint air and noise pollution index was developed, which was used to quantify the overall improvements due to the presence of the boardwalk. It is proposed that an index of this sort could be a valuable tool for future urban planning. Wed, 01 Jul 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2990 2009-07-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2989 Scenario analysis and noise action planning : modelling the impact of mitigation measures on population exposure Murphy, Enda; King, Eoin A. This paper reports on strategic noise mapping research conducted in Dublin, Ireland. Noise maps are constructed for the day–evening–night-time and night-time periods and levels of population exposure are estimated for the same periods. In methodological terms, the research uses the UK’s calculation of road traffic noise (CRTN) method for calculating noise levels in the study area. This method has been adopted as the interim calculation method by the Irish authorities responsible for meeting the obligations set out in the EU Environmental Noise Directive (END). The research also investigates the usefulness of three noise mitigation measures for ‘acoustical planning’ purposes: traffic reductions, speed reductions and erection of acoustical barriers. The results indicate that levels of population exposure during night-time are extremely high relative to guideline limits set down by the World Health Organisation. In addition, the results highlight the significant role that certain noise mitigation measures can play in good ‘acoustical planning’. Fri, 01 Jul 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2989 2011-07-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2988 Estimating human exposure to transport noise in central Dublin, Ireland Murphy, Enda; King, Eoin A.; Rice, Henry J. This paper reports on research conducted to determine estimates of the extent of environmental noise exposure from road transport on residents and workers in central Dublin, Ireland. The Harmonoise calculation method is used to calculate noise values for the study area while a Geographical Information System (GIS) is utilised as a platform upon which levels of noise exposure are estimated. Residential exposure is determined for Lden and Lnight while worker exposure is determined for Lden. In order to analyse the potential of traffic management as a noise abatement measure, traffic was redirected from the main residential areas to alternative road links and the revised exposure levels were determined. The results show that the extent of noise exposure in Dublin is considerable, and in relative terms, it is worse for the night-time period. In addition, the results suggest also that traffic management measures have the potential to lead to significant reductions in the level of noise exposure provided that careful consideration is given to the impact of traffic flows on residential populations. Sun, 01 Feb 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2988 2009-02-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2879 Exploring the drivers of light rail ridership : an empirical route level analysis of selected Australian, North American and European systems Currie, Graham; Ahern, Aoife; Delbosc, Alexa This paper explores the relative influence of factors affecting light rail ridership on 57 light rail routes in Australia, Europe and North America through an empirical examination of route level data. Previous research suggests a wide range of possible ridership drivers but is mixed in clarifying major influences. The research shows that European light rail route ridership (per route km) was on average a third higher than on US routes and about double the ridership on Australian routes. A multiple-regression analysis of route level ridership (boardings per route km) and catchment residential and employment density, car ownership, service level, speed, stop spacing, share of accessible stops, share of segregated right of away and integrated fares was undertaken This established a statistically significant model (99% level, R2= 0.76) with 5 significant variables including, in order of influence Service Level (β = .74), Routes being in Europe (β = .72), Speed (β = -.40), Integrated ticketing (β = .24) and Employment density (β = .24). Service Level (measured in terms of Vehicle trips p.a.) and Being in Europe were the primary explanatory ridership drivers. In general these findings support selected results from previous research. A secondary analysis of service effectiveness measures (boardings/vehicle km) i.e. the relative ridership performance for a given level of service, established a statistically significant model (99% level, R2 of .64) with 5 significant explanatory variables including (in order of strength) Being in Europe (β = .97), Speed (β = -.48), Integrated ticketing (β = .32), Employment density (β = .28) and Service level (β = .17). The latter implies that a higher frequency results in higher service effectiveness. Overall the research findings stress the importance of providing a high level of service as a major driver of light rail ridership. The 'European Factor' is also an important though intriguing influence but its cause remains unclear and requires further research to elaborate its nature. Sat, 01 Jan 2011 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2879 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2788 The first semester of university life ; ‘will I be able to manage it at all?’ Gibney, Amanda; Moore, Niamh; Murphy, Feargal; O'Sullivan, Sara This paper reports on an Irish study examining first year students’ recollections of their concerns, motivations, level of preparedness and perceived skills on entry to university. The study aims to investigate and understand the implications of the attitudes of first year students as they make the transition to university. It also explores students’ behaviour during their initial weeks at university. It is important to understand the anxieties of new students, their views on their abilities and their confidence in managing their new role as these factors will have consequences for their experience as first year university students. These findings are explored with a view to enhancing the quality of support for students during this key transition. Sat, 13 Nov 2010 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2788 2010-11-13T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2507 Regional planning guideline review : using MOLAND as part of the strategic environmental assessment process Brennan, Michael; Shahumyan, Harutyun; Walsh, Cormac; Carty, John; Williams, Brendan; Convery, Sheila The urban fabric of the Greater Dublin Area (GDA) has expanded rapidly over the past 20 years. In an effort to coordinate development across the region the “Strategic Planning Guidelines for the Greater Dublin Area” were introduced in 1999. These were updated in 2004 as the “Regional Planning Guidelines: Greater Dublin Area 2004-2016” and are currently in the process of another review to become the “Regional Planning Guidelines: Greater Dublin Area 2010-2022”. As part of the review a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) was undertaken to evaluate the effect of several future settlement patterns on the region’s environment. The MOLAND model was used to simulate four scenarios of possible future settlement patterns for the GDA. These four scenarios were then evaluated in terms of several indicators of sustainability and the results discussed in terms of the implications of these future settlement patterns on the environment of the region. Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2507 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2357 Changing office location patterns and their importance in the perpheral expansion of the Dublin region 1960 - 2008 Attuyer, Katia; MacLaran, Andrew; Williams, Brendan Recent development patterns have seen the urban region of Dublin evolve from a compact urban form towards a dispersed development pattern assisted by a shift in service-sector employment. In particular, this paper examines the movement of the office sector towards a number of suburban locations over the period from 1960 to 2008. It outlines the manner in which the geographic location of office development in Dublin has been transformed over recent years from one which focused primarily on a single dominant core from the 1960s until the 1980s, towards one in which numerous and widely-spread suburban sites tended to account for a growing proportion of new developments during the 1990s and early 2000s. The implications of this emerging pattern are of significant importance to the long term development of the region. Thu, 01 Jan 2009 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2357 2009-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2080 The programme for sustained development Walsh, Brendan M. Mon, 01 Jan 1996 00:00:00 GMT http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2080 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z