http://hdl.handle.net/10197/36 2013-05-23T23:14:03Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/3916 The Addicted Self: A Neuroscientific Perspective Regan, Ciaran M. 2012-11-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2074 Early life conditions and adult health in Ireland Delaney, Liam; McGovern, Mark Twenty-third Annual Conference of the Irish Economic Association, Blarney, Co. Cork, 24-26 April 2009 2009-04-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2073 Who studies in college? (Revealed preferences from the time use of Irish students) Ryan, Martin; Delaney, Liam; Harmon, Colm Twenty-Second Annual Conference of the Irish Economic Association, Westport, Co. Mayo, 25-27 April, 2008 2008-04-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2072 Constructing a ready-to-eat cereal price index : should the nature of retail outlets matter? Mariuzzo, Franco; Walsh, Patrick P.; Whelan, Ciara; Zhang, Jing Twenty-Second Annual Conference of the Irish Economic Association, Westport, Co. Mayo, 25-27 April, 2008 2008-04-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2071 Individual and regional determinants of students risk behaviour Delaney, Liam Twenty-Second Annual Conference of the Irish Economic Association, Westport, Co. Mayo, 25-27 April, 2008 2008-04-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2070 Understanding the limiting firm size distribution from the modelling of industry dynamics : theory and evidence Li, Qi; Walsh, Patrick P. Twenty-Second Annual Conference of the Irish Economic Association, Westport, Co. Mayo, 25-27 April, 2008 2008-04-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2066 Enhancing the comparability of self-rated skills-matching using anchoring vignettes Ryan, Martin; Delaney, Liam; Harmon, Colm This research is concerned with the skills-match between researchers' Ph.D. training and their subsequent university employment. Self-rated skills-matching is considered in light of the anchoring vignettes technique. This technique is used to adress comparability issues in survey research. It has been documented that individuals with more education and skills have the highest expectations for their jobs and careers; and are more easily disappointed. This is one reason why there may be comparability problems in self-rated skills matching. Only a few studies (at least one using objective data, a few more using self- reported data) have examined the issue of skills-matching. Furthermore, the results from objective data are somewhat problematic. This underscores the need to apply anchoring vignettes to self-reported data. Mismatch is associated with substantially lower earnings; with more comparable measures, wage penalties can be more accurately estimated. Twenty-third Annual Conference of the Irish Economic Association, Blarney, Co. Cork, 24-26 April 2009 2009-01-16T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2065 Gender differences in mental well-being : a decomposition analysis Madden, David (David Patrick) The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) is frequently used as a measure of mental well-being. A consistent pattern across countries is that women report lower levels of mental well-being, as measured by the GHQ. This paper applies decomposition techniques to Irish data for 1994 and 2000 to examine the factors lying behind the gender differences in GHQ score. For both 1994 and 2000 about two thirds of the raw difference is accounted for by differences in characteristics, with employment status the single most important factor. 22nd Annual Conference of the Irish Economic Association, Westport, Co. Mayo, 25-27 April, 2008 2008-04-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2062 Choosing to become a 'lost cause' : the perverse effects of benefit preconditions Farrell, Lisa; Frijters, Paul This paper argues that preconditions for welfare benefit entitlements based on labour market prospects can be counterproductive when they create an incentive for individuals to abstain from any investment earlier in life that could improve future prospects. Benefit entitlements based partly on investments made prior to labour market entry are then Pareto-improving. 2003-11-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/2061 Risk preference and employment contract type Brown, Sarah; Farrell, Lisa; Harris, Mark N.; Sessions, John G. We consider three broad types of employment contract vis, self-employment, PRP, and fixed wage employment. We focus on the implied degree of income risk associated with each type of employment contract, arguing that such risk falls as we move from self-employment at one extreme to fixed wage employment at the other. We investigate the possibility that there is a systematic relationship between employment within a particular contract type and risk preference as proxied by expenditure on risky goods and goods associated with risk averse behaviour. A typical question might be: 'do self-employed individuals attempt to compensate for the relatively high level of income risk they face by reducing their expenditure on relatively risky goods? Or, do such individuals have a taste for risk which they express in both their working and non-working life?' Our empirical analysis, based on pooled cross-section data drawn from the British Family Expenditure Survey 1997-2000, provides evidence of a systematic relationship between employment contract type and risk preference, with, for example, self-employed workers being more (less) likely to engage in the consumption of "risky" (financial security) products. The results are based the Ordered Generalized Extreme Values model (OGEV), a relatively infrequently used discrete choice model, which importantly allows for ordering and correlation in the observed alternatives. 2002-04-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1785 The marginal and average returns to schooling Harmon, Colm; Walker, Ian The existing literature now features many examples where log wages are linear in years of schooling and which effectively attempt to correct for least squares bias using instruments based essentially on a single variable. Two recent developments, taken together, cast some doubt on the downward bias in least squares estimates of the return to schooling that have been an important feature of the recent literature. The first is the realization that instrumental variable (IV) only estimate the effects of some treatment if the effect is the same for everyone. The second is that IV may only estimate the effect of the treatment on the individuals whose choices are affected by the instrument in question [extract] 1996-09-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1784 Social consensus, income policies and unemployment Durkan, Joe; Harmon, Colm 1996-03-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1756 Omitted variables, dynamic specification and tests for homogeneity Madden, David (David Patrick) This note examines the sensitivity of tests for homogeneity in demand systems to such factors as omitted variables and dynamic and stochastic specification. It estimates demand systems for Ireland using time-series data for different unconditional demand systems with differing dynamic and stochastic specification and also estimates a conditional demand system, thus attempting to reconcile disparate results from previous work in this area. 1994-08-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1755 Evolution with state-dependent mutations Bergin, James; Lipman, B. L. Recent evolutionary models have introduced "small mutation rates" as a way of refining predictions of long-run behavior. We show that if mutation rates are allowed to vary across states, then mutations no longer narrow the set of possible preditions. In particular, given any model of the effect of mutations, any invariant distribution of the "mutationless" process is close to an invariant distribution of the process with appropriately chosen small mutation rates. 1994-08-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1747 How does unemployment affect direct and indirect tax reform? Madden, David (David Patrick) This paper incorporates the stylised fact of labour market rationing into an analysis of marginal tax reform in Ireland. In the absence of weak separability between goods and leisure, labour market rationing will have both substitution and income effects. This paper estimates "matched pairs" of demands for Ireland and investigates the sensitivity of marginal tax reform recommendations to the presence of rationing, both with without weak separability between goods and leisure. 1994-04-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1742 Labour supply, commodity demand and marginal tax reform Madden, David (David Patrick) This paper examines the implications of extending the Ahmad-Stern (1984) model of indirect tax reform to include labor supply. The inclusion of labor supply alters the basic measure of marginal revenue cost of indirect taxation and introduces the possibility of calculating a marginal revenue cost for direct taxation. The paper derives the expressions for these revised marginal revenue costs and provides estimates from Irish data. It then examines the sensitivity of the results to assumptions regarding functional form and, in particular, goods/leisure separability. 1993-12-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1741 Conditional demands and marginal tax reform Madden, David (David Patrick) This paper examines Irish demand patterns using conditional demand functions. This overcomes the problems faced by traditional demand analysis which neglects the influence of labour supply and thus assumes weak separability. The conditional approach allows for more exact tests of weak separability using more flexible functional forms than is possible when estimating an unconditional commodity demand–labour supply model. The impact of the conditioned demand responses and the relaxation of weak separability on measures of marginal tax reform is examined. 1993-11-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1729 An analysis of indirect tax reform in Ireland in the 1980s Madden, David (David Patrick) This paper applies the Ahmad-Stern model of indirect tax reform to the Irish economy for two different years, 1980 and 1987. It introduces a modification to the traditional marginal social cost measure used in these studies, identify welfare-improving, revenue-neutral tax changes at the margin and examines their sensitivity to such issues as inequality aversion and consumer preferences. It also estimates the implied degree of inequality aversion for Ireland for these two years. Results suggest that the government's social welfare function, as implied by the indirect tax system, has become less inequality averse. 1993-07-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1707 Marginal tax reform and the specification of consumer demand systems Madden, David (David Patrick) This paper examines the conjecture that tax reform recommendations are not as sensitive to underlying consumer demand systems as are derived optimal tax rates. Tax reform recommendations for Ireland using the Ahmad-Stern model of indirect tax reform with different underlying consumer demand systems are examined. They are found to exhibit little sensitivity to the underlying deterministic demand system, but they do display considerable sensitivity to dynamic specification. They also display sensitivity with regard to the imposition of the restrictions implied by utility maximisation, especially symmetry. 1993-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1691 The impact of the crisis on the Irish political system Hardiman, Niamh The international financial crisis manifests itself in Ireland not only as a crisis of the banking system, but also as a major fiscal crisis, aggravated by years of soft revenue policy and a housing bubble that has burst spectacularly. The severe drop in economic output results in a crisis of employment and a definitive end to the ‘Celtic Tiger’ era of rapid growth and nearfull employment. Although the political system has proven resilient thus far, with membership of the Euro preventing the catastrophic political crises that affected Latvia and Iceland, for example, the crisis has revealed significant weaknesses in political system. This paper considers institutional shortcomings in three arenas through which policies to deal with the crisis must be managed: the parliamentary system, the public administration, and social partnership structures. Paper presented at the Statistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland Symposium on Resolving Ireland’s Fiscal Crisis, Dublin, 26 November 2009 2009-11-26T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1684 A new set of consumer demand estimates for Ireland Madden, David (David Patrick) This paper provides a new set of consumer demand estimates for Ireland, incorporating a variety of different consumer demand models. Own-price and expenditure elasticities are presented and tests of the propositions implied by utility-maximisation are carried out, including the use of small-sample corrections. The results obtained show reasonable agreement across the different deterministic models but stochastic specification appears to be of crucial importance both for plausibility of estimates obtained and for rejection or non-rejection implied by utility-maximisation. 1992-08-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1680 Can we infer external effects from a study of the Irish indirect tax system? Madden, David (David Patrick) 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1569 Results from a preliminary investigation into the reform of indirect taxation in Ireland Madden, David (David Patrick) 1992-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1228 Future growth of housing needs in Dublin : background analysis and Information on affordable housing strategy 2000-2005 for the four Dublin local authorities Williams, Brendan; Walsh, Stephen; Shiels, Patrick; Hughes, Brian 2001-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1094 Age and health care services utilisation in the UK : an empirical analysis using microdata Durkan, Joe; Hughes, Jenny; Harmon, Colm 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1064 Health services utilisation in the UK : an empirical analysis using microdata Durkan, Joe; Harmon, Colm; Hughes, Jenny 1996-07-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1006 The effect of real exchange rate movements on the life expectancy of manufacturing plants in Ireland, 1973-94 Konings, Jozef; Walsh, Patrick P. We estimate the factors that affect the life expectancy of plants operating in the manufacturing sector of Ireland over the period 1980-1994. Our results suggest that real exchange rate appreciations have caused a great number of infant mortalities in domestic plants both in the traditional and high tech sectors over this period. Real effective exchange rate movements are estimated to have no effect on the plant life expectancy of foreign owned firms. Domestic plants operating in the high-tech sector are estimated to have a higher life expectancy than those operating in the traditional sector. In addition, the real exchange rate effect on the survival rates of domestic plants in the R&D intensive sectors even though significant is weaker compared with the traditional sector. 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1005 Price dispersion and strategic outcomes : an analysis of the Irish independent grocery sector Walsh, Patrick P.; Whelan, Ciara This paper empirically analyses price dispersion between brand within product catgories in the Independent grocery sector. The methodology adopted allows us to discriminate between the impact which various structural demand and supply side features have on price dispersion in both traditional and game-theoretic frameworks. Specifically we estimate how differences in the product cycle, sales structure, distribution structure, and downstream retailer power impact patterns of price dispersion while controlling for idiosyncratic product effects. Our results suggest that competitive pricing of brands in product categories, and hence price dispersion, will rise with a slump in the product cycle, fragmentation in the sales structure, greater distribution coverage in outlets, and factors which restrict downstream retailer power. 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1004 Structural adjustment and regional long term unemployment in Poland Lehmann, Hartmut; O'Flaherty, John; Walsh, Patrick P. On aspect of transition economics is the fact that large scale inter and intra sector adjustments in employment will have to take place in the transition period to a market economy. The required decline of agriculture and manufacturing and the rise in services induce large inter-sectoral employment adjustment. The restructuring of state and previously state owned firms will induce large intra-sectoral employment adjustment. This process has to be facilitated by a large re-allocation of workers from their initial state. Restructuring of this kind can be expected to create a lot of frictional unemployment, due to congestion in the labour market, and structural unemployment, due to individuals with redundant human capital been separated from pre-transidonal job security. In this paper we write down a structural and frictional model of unemployment resulting from structural adjustment in employment in the spirit of Aghion and Howitt (1998). The relationship between regional development and unemployment rates is not monotonic in Poland. Using Polish county level unemployment register data this papers shows that the dynamics of regional labour demand in Poland have determined unemployment in a systematic way by changing the magnitude and composition of the inflows and the regional probabilities of exit conditional on duration, gender, age, education and previous tenure. Restructuring in employment can be facilitated by the social security system by allowing workers to use unemployment as a temporary pit stop in periods of congestion created by the transition process. Restructuring can also act as a cleansing process that sheds inefficient and redundant human capital from employment with compounds in unemployment creating a long term structural component of unemployment. We show the stage of regional restructuring and development determines the levels and composition of individuals in short term and long term spells. Restructuring induces both larger throughputs and deeper structural. problems in unemployment. In the most advanced regions where congestion is lower unemployment is mainly structural in nature resulting from individuals having undertaken long spells in employment in the planned system . Presented at the CEPR/WDI International Workshop in Transitions Economies, 9-12 July 1998, Prague 1997-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1003 The optimality of loss leading in multi-product retail pricing - a rationale for repealing the 1987 Groceries Order in Ireland Walsh, Patrick P.; Whelan, Ciara The Competition Act in 1991 repealed all legally binding Orders in Ireland except for the 1987 Groceries Order. Article 11 of this Order categorically prohibits retail pricing in the grocery sector below the net invoice price of the wholesaler or manufacturer. The vast range of products retailed through outlets and the convenience of 'one stop' shopping result in imperfect costumer information and consumer switching costs. This enables retailers to price below cost on Known-Value-Items (KVIs) to attract customer entry and subsequently impose higher price-cost mark-ups on other non-KVIs, a practice defined as loss leading. This practice was deemed to be essentially predatory in effect by the Fair Trade Commission (FTC) in 1987. In this paper we examine the potential legitimacy of below cost selling by modeling the optimal pricing of a multi-product retailer in a game-theoretic framework. We show that loss leading is an equilibrium outcome that is socially desirable in an imperfectly competitive market. We also model the repercussions of introducing the ban for equilibrium profits, corresponding services and concentration levels in the market. Our analysis suggests that a removal of the ban in favour of the 1991 Competition Act would be welfare improving. 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1002 The effect of foreign competition on UK firm level employment : theory and evidence Konings, Jozef; Walsh, Patrick P. In this paper we investigate the effect of increased foreign competition on home employment. The interaction of both product and labour market responses to foreign competition will be of key importance to understanding the impact of foreign competition on domestic employment. In a simple theoretical framework, we introduce both labour and product market assymmetries between home and foreign firms in an industry and show how these play a central role in the responses of home firms to increased foreign competition. We test the predictions of our theory using UK firm level panel data over the period 1982 to 1989 and find empirical evidence that supports our theoretical framework. 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1001 A flow analysis of the link between Irish and British unemployment Harrison, Michael J.; Walsh, Patrick P. This paper is a contribution to the research on Irish unemployment which for the first time models the flows into and out of the Live Register. Using the quarterly flow data contructed by the authors (see A Flow Analysis of the Irish Live Register,Economic and Social Review, Volume 26, pp. 45-58, 1994), the analysis proceeds within a small open labour market framework, making use of the concepts of cointegrations and error-correction to model the flows and hence the migratory movements between Ireland and Britain. We outline the advantages of using flow data to link unemployment in a small region and a large region within an integrated labour market. We show that demographic changes resulting from natural increases in population and migration anre likely to be the key determinants of unemployment turnover in Ireland. We conclude that any explanation of Irish unemployment must account for these special features of the economy, and in particular must indicate why domestic employment movements seem to have had so little effect on the unemployment flows. 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/1000 Cartel stability and the Joint Executive Committee, 1880-1886 Lobato, Ignacio N.; Walsh, Patrick P. In this paper we analyse a railroad cartel run by the Joint Executive Committee (JEC) in the United States in the nineteenth century. The JEC was a cartel whose members anticipated a periodic fall in demand due to competition from the Great Lakes. In a simplified situation we model the optimal price setting behaviour of a cartel that fully anticipates a large and prolonged (infinite) switch to a lower level of demand. We show that joint profit maximisation is not sustainable as a perfect equilibrium before the switch (in the lakes closed regimes). We also show that an optimal cartel may have had to revise its official rate downwards in the periods leading up to the infinite switch in demand. Empirically we show that the number of weeks leading up to the opening of the lakes is a significant factor in explaining downward price revisions by the JEC in lakes closed regimes. Unanticipated demand shocks and entry of new firms are also found to be significant factors. The factors that determine price revisions in the lakes open regimes cannot be analysed due to insufficient data points and control variables. 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/999 Evidence of efficiency wage payments in UK firm level panel data Konings, Jozef; Walsh, Patrick P. We explicitly model the vertical spillovers that result from imperfections in both labour and product markets. We model the vertical spillovers from wage determination in an upstream labour market to market share performance in a downstream product market and vice versa. Rent sharing due to efficiency wages is shown to create a unique downstream vertical spillover while rent sharing due to wage bargaining creates a two-way vertical spillover. Using U.K. firm level panel data, we show that downstream spillovers due to efficiency wage payments and union activity exist, and constitute general direct evidence of efficiency wage payments in U.K. companies. 1994-05-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/998 A general framework for analysing endogenous trade divergences Walsh, Patrick P. This paper gives a general framework for analyzing a trade divergence that runs across both the New International trade theory and the traditional analysis of export policy. The source of the trade divergence, the motive for intervention and the analytical framework is shown to be the same in all models. The sign of the trade divergence and hence the policy recommendation is determined by the market structure chosen to endogenise the divergence. The magnitude of the subsidy in all models is determined by the maximum potential profitability of the home industry. It is argued that interpretations based on "profit shifting" or on a "terms of trade improvement" as a motive for trade intervention are misleading. 1991-11-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/997 Quality Based Rankings of Irish Economists 1990-2000 Coupé, Tom; Walsh, Patrick P. We use three different quality based rankings of the publishing record of Irish based economists in academic journals during the period 1990-2000 and 1995-2000. While individual rankings are sensitive to the range of journals sampled, the nature of the weights used in the ranking of the journals and the time span, a similar set of top economists are produced by the alternative rankings. 2003-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/996 The impact of product market competition on employment eetermination in unionised and non-unionised firms : firm level evidence for the U.K. Konings, Jozef; Walsh, Patrick P. In this paper we investigate the effect of increased competition on employment in unionised andnon-unionised firms. We model product and labour market imperfections, and their interactions, in Nash equilibrium. The model predicts that employment loss in unionised firms in the face of increased competition will be lower compared with non-unionised firms. This paradoxical outcome results from an offsetting beneficial employment effect of competition, which eliminates wage mark-ups in unionised firms. We find empirical support for the theoretical prediction using U.K. firm level data over the period 1985–1989. 2000-12-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/995 Evidence of European trade and investment u-shaping industrial output in Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, and Romania Repkine, Alexander; Walsh, Patrick P. Industrial output in Central and Eastern Europe evolved in a U-shape during the first seven years of transition. The literature explains the initial collapse of industrial output as an inefficient outcome driven by supply side distortions that constrained the transition process. We show that the U-shape experience of industrial sectors is an outcome driven by an intrasector change, induced by investment demand shocks, in the market orientation of production away from products traditionally sold into the CMEA market and towards products traditionally sold into the EU market. This revisionist view has important implications for policy formation. 1999-12-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/994 Disorganization in the process of transition firm-level evidence from Ukraine Konings, Jozef; Walsh, Patrick P. Most post-communist economies are characterized by an initial collapse in aggregate output. Blanchard and Kremer (1997) and Roland and Verdier (1997) have recently modelled supply-side distortions — disorganization in the links of production — that can lead to a short-term output contraction after market liberalization and a recovery thereafter. This paper is the first to illustrate and test the effects of disorganization in the transition process by using a unique dataset of 300 Ukrainian firms. Our results show that for firms that existed under central planning, disorganization constrains employment and productivity growth during the transition process to a market economy. We also show that the effects of disorganization are greater the more out-dated the capital stock inheritance from the planning system. In contrast, disorganization plays no role in the determination of employment and productivity growth in newly established private firms. 1999-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/993 The impact of social security reforms on female unemployment compensation claimants in Ireland Harrison, Michael J.; Strobl, Eric; Walsh, Patrick P. As a result of Ireland’s accession to the EU, a series of social security reforms establishing equality of treatment of females and males with regard to entitlement to and rate and duration of receipt of unemployment compensation was implemented during the period 1973 to 1986. Using modern time series econometrics we estimate their impact on the transitions to and from the female unemployment compensation claimant state. The results indicate that the changes had important implications for the level of take-up of unemployment compensation; and for the level, and responsiveness to the determinants, of its relinquishment. 1998-11-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/992 Disorganisation in the transition process : firm level evidence from Ukraine Konings, Jozef; Walsh, Patrick P. Most post-communist economies are characterized by an initial collapse in aggregate output. Blanchard and Kremer (1997) and Roland and Verdier (1997) have recently modelled supply side distortions, disorganization in the links of production, that can lead to a short-term output contraction after market liberalisation and a recovery thereafter. This paper is the first to illustrate and test the effects of disorganization in the transition process by using a unique data set of 300 Ukrainian firms. Our results show that for firms that existed under central planning disorganization constrains employment and productivity growth during the transition process to a market economy. In contrast, disorganization plays no role in the determination of employment and productivity growth in newly established private firms. 1998-05-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/991 European Union trade and investment flows u-shaping industrial output in Central and Eastern Europe : theory and evidence Repkine, Alexander; Walsh, Patrick P. We undertake an analysis of the evolution of industrial output in Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland and Romania over the period 1989-1995. We theoretically and empirically model the growth dynamics of EU oriented output within sectors of industry, ex-post trade and market liberalization, as investment induced Schumpeterian waves of product innovation. Greater assess to the EU market and investors is estimated to have induced growth with increasing convexity over-time in all sectors of each country but particularly in traditionally larger sectors. This growth, unconstrained by the transition process, was in product categories that already exported to the EU before 1989. We estimate the growth dynamics of non-EU oriented output within sectors as unobservable deterministic sector and country specific heterogeneity. We demonstrate that the evolution of non-EU industrial output followed the pattern as that observed in CIS countries. The different shape in the industrial output of CEE compared to CIS countries is explained mainly by the evolution of traditionally EU oriented production that benefited greatly from increased access to the EU market and EU investors. 1998-04-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/990 Earnings inequality and transition : a regional analysis of Poland Sibley, Christopher W.; Walsh, Patrick P. In this paper we estimate the impact of transition on earnings inequality using data across Polish regions 1994-1997. Our central result is that earnings inequality is higher in regions that are more advanced in restructuring (higher labour productivity/job reallocation rates), controlling for unobservable regional fixed effects. At the national level rapid growth does not seem to be associated with earnings inequality. This aggregate relationship is shown to be misleading. The positive relationship between earnings inequality and the stage of transition across regions remains when we apply an infrastructure-deficit based instrumental variable approach to allow for reverse causality. 2002-02-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/989 Estimating productivity dynamics during institutional change : an application to Chinese state owned enterprises 1980-1994 McGoldrick, Peter; Walsh, Patrick P. We estimate the productivity dynamics of 680 industrial Chinese State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) between 1980 and 1994. During this time managerial autonomy over factor markets was introduced. The timing of autonomy varied across SOEs and take-up was an endogenous process: high-productivity SOEs where more likely to take managerial control. We allow for this by adapting an algorithm developed in Olley & Pakes (1996) in order to generate estimates of productivity dynamics that deal with both simultaneity and endogenous selection biases. Apart from offering a methodology to estimate productivity dynamics during endogenous institutional change, we demonstrate that SOEs in China obtained productivity gains from managerial autonomy over factor markets in the years before privatisation. 2005-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/988 The impact of discriminatory legislation on Irish female unemployment flows Harrison, Michael J.; Strobl, Eric; Walsh, Patrick P. Ireland provides us with a unique case-study of the effects of discrimination in the labour market. Since the ninteen-sixties and until the late nineteen-eighties, gradual reforms of explicit discrimination against females with regard to entitlement to and duration of unemployment assistance and benefit have been introduced. The primary aim of this paper is to asses the impact that these reforms have had on the level of female turnover activity in the Live Register. The results show that the reforms may be modelled as well defined discrete shifts in the inflows and it is noteworthy that the more significant of the estimated effects of reforms are those corresponding to those which gave the large numbers of females that were in non-activity the option of entering the Live Register without any prior need of employment contributions. The results also provide evidence of a secondary effect of reforms on the level of female outflows, and appear to support the hypothesis that the reforms have encouraged females to remain on the Live Register for longer periods of time. 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/987 Linking productivity to trade in the structural estimation of production within UK manufacturing industries Rizov, Marian; Walsh, Patrick P. We estimate productivity dynamics within 4-digit manufacturing industries, using FAME data on UK Companies, from 1994 to 2003. We extend the algorithm in Olley and Pakes (1996) to allow for a selection bias driven by the Melitz (2003) effect (high productivity types selecting to exporting) to get more consistent and unbiased estimates of the parameters of the production function. We demonstrate a link between trade orientation and productivity within industries that is driven by selection, not by learning. Hence aggregate productivity is driven by market share reallocations amongst companies rather than from improvements in company level productivity. 2005-10-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/986 Productivity and trade orientation in UK manufacturing Rizov, Marian; Walsh, Patrick P. Within a structural model we explicitly allow for the trade orientation of companies to estimate productivity dynamics within 4-digit UK manufacturing industries. We use the FAME data on UK companies over the period 1994-2003. Following Ackerberg et al. (2005) we adjust the algorithm in Olley and Pakes (1996) by augmenting investment and exit decisions to allow for exogenous demand shocks by trade orientation, assuming that labour and capital are state variables, and productivity follows a first-order Markov process. We extend the framework further by allowing exporting to be an additional control variable that is driven by lagged productivity as in Melitz (2003), leading productivity to follow a second-order Markov process. We find that over the period of introduction of the Euro improvements in aggregate productivity were driven by exporters - mainly by market share reallocations away from inefficient and towards efficient export companies. Aggregate productivity also benefited from improvements in productivity of non-exporters but was driven by improvements within companies rather than by market share reallocations. In a period of sustained real exchange rate appreciation both export cleansing and competitive pressure on non-exporters seem to have contributed to improvements of productivity in the UK manufacturing. 2007-05-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/985 Structural deficiencies and labour market policy : the experience of Ireland and lessons for Poland Walsh, Patrick P.; Harrison, Michael J. 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/984 Male Long Term Unemployment and Structural Changes in Ireland Strobl, Eric; Walsh, Patrick P. 1998-01-01T00:00:00Z http://hdl.handle.net/10197/983 Structural change and long-term unemployment in Ireland Strobl, Eric; Walsh, Patrick P. In this paper we investigate the build-up in male long-term unemployment by allowing for heterogeneity both in the unemployment inflow and conditional survival rates. We construct semi-annual series of the male flows into and out of the Irish Live Register for the period 1967 to 1995 and develop a methodology that allows us to decompose the unemployment inflow by age and unemployment scheme and the unemployment outflow by duration of spell, age and unemployment scheme. Our results in conjunction with other evidence indicate that it was heterogeneity in the unemployment inflow caused by the changing occupational structure of employment over the 1980s that caused the build-up and persistance of male long-term unemployment in Ireland. 1996-01-01T00:00:00Z